Circulating immune complex determinations may play a role in the evaluation of certain diseases, including infections, neoplasms, and autoimmune disorders (particularly systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis). This assay measures immune complexes containing activation fragments of C3.

Test performed at Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

This unit code has been inactivated.

Please see unit code 51430.

• Immune Complex Detection by C1q Binding
• Immune Complex Expanded Panel
• Immune Complex Panel

Decreased serum levels of C3 are found in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), some forms of glomerulonephritis, or immune complex disease. Hereditary deficiencies of C3 have also been described. Increased C3 levels may be found in association with inflammatory diseases.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

Decreased serum levels of C4 are found in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), some forms of glomerulonephritis, or immune complex disease. Hereditary deficiencies of C4 have also been described.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

IgG titers >=1:16 suggest exposure, while the presence of IgM indicates recent infection. Human infections are seasonal, from mid-to late-summer, occurring mainly in the north central states.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

Detection of intrathecally-produced organism-specific antibodies in CSF indicates central nervous system infection. However, serum levels of organism-specific antibodies, blood-brain barrier integrity, and possible CSF contamination by blood should be considered when assessing CSF results.

This test is available for New York patient testing.

IgG titers >=1:16 suggest exposure, while the presence of IgM indicates recent infection. Human infections are seasonal, from mid-to late-summer, occurring mainly in the north central states.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

Detection of intrathecally-produced organism-specific antibodies in CSF indicates central nervous system infection. However, serum levels of organism-specific antibodies, blood-brain barrier integrity, and possible CSF contamination by blood should be considered when assessing CSF results.

This test is available for New York patient testing.

IgG titers >=1:16 suggest exposure, while the presence of IgM indicates recent infection. Human infections are seasonal, from mid-to late-summer, occurring mainly in the north central states.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

Detection of intrathecally-produced organism-specific antibodies in CSF indicates central nervous system infection. However, serum levels of organism-specific antibodies, blood-brain barrier integrity, and possible CSF contamination by blood should be considered when assessing CSF results.

This test is available for New York patient testing.

Campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of sporadic bacterial diarrhea in the United States, with poultry the most important source of infection. Markedly elevated levels of antibodies recognizing C. jejuni typically indicate recent or ongoing infection, even though stool cultures may be negative. Neurological complications may follow C. jejuni infection; approximately 30% of Guillain-Barre cases are typically associated with recent C. jejuni infection. The basis of this association is apparently molecular mimicry between C. jejuni antigens and gangliosides of neuronal cells.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

Systemic candidiasis is often characterized by markedly elevated levels of Candida-specific antibodies. However, interpretation of Candida antibody results is complicated by detection of these antibodies in healthy individuals, and blunted antibody responses in immunocompromised patients.

†This test was developed and its performance characteristics determined by Focus Diagnostics. It has not been cleared or approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The FDA has determined that such clearance or approval is not necessary. Performance characteristics refer to the analytical performance of the test.

This test is not approved for New York patient testing.

See individual assay for description.

Panel Includes:

• Candida albicans Antibodies (IgG, IgA and IgM)
• Candida albicans Antigen Detection, LA

Systemic candidiasis is often characterized by markedly elevated levels of IgG recognizing Candida. However, interpretation of Candida IgG levels is complicated by detection of antibodies in 20-30% of healthy individuals, and blunted responses in immunocompromised patients at risk for systemic candidiasis. Candida IgG results should be considered within the context of clinical findings and results from other relevant laboratory tests, such as Candida antigen detection and/or culture.

†This test was developed and its performance characteristics determined by Focus Diagnostics. It has not been cleared or approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The FDA has determined that such clearance or approval is not necessary. Performance characteristics refer to the analytical performance of the test.

This test is not approved for New York patient testing.

Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli cause water and sometimes bloody diarrhea with C. jejuni one of the most common causes of bacterial diarrhea in the U.S. This test detects the presence of Campylobacter antigen but does not differentiate C. jejuni from C. coli.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

Detection of Candida albicans antigen in serum is highly suggestive of systemic or disseminated candidiasis.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

See individual assay for description.

Panel Includes:

• Candida albicans Antigen Detection, LA
• Candida Antibody, Immunodiffusion

Detection of antibody recognizing Candida is 70-80% specific for systemic candidiasis, and sensitivity is related to the immunocompetence of the patient. The immunocompromised patient with overwhelming candidiasis may not exhibit detectable Candida antibody.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

IgA cardiolipin antibody is occasionally detected in SLE and SLE-like patients and appears to be most commonly associated with cerebrovascular thrombosis.

Test performed at Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute.

The presence of high levels of IgG cardiolipin antibodies has been associated with thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, recurrent fetal loss and lupus anticoagulant in SLE patients.

Test performed at Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute.

This unit code has been inactivated.

Please see unit code 2048.

Cardiolipin antibodies are widely distributed, but high levels mainly occur in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and SLE-like patients. The presence of high levels of IgG cardiolipin antibodies has been associated with thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, recurrent fetal loss and lupus anticoagulant in SLE patients. The presence of high levels of IgM cardiolipin antibodies has been associated with hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and to a lesser extent recurrent fetal loss in SLE patients.

If Cardiolipin Antibody Screen is positive, IgG and IgM will be performed at an additional charge.

Test performed at Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute.

This unit code has been inactivated.

Please see unit code 2049.

Cardiolipin antibodies are widely distributed, but high levels mainly occur in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and SLE-like patients. The presence of high levels of IgG cardiolipin antibodies has been associated with thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, recurrent fetal loss and lupus anticoagulant in SLE patients. The presence of high levels of IgM cardiolipin antibodies has been associated with hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and to a lesser extent recurrent fetal loss in SLE patients. IgA cardiolipin antibody is occasionally detected in SLE and SLE-like patients and appears to be most commonly associated with cerebrovascular thrombosis.

If Cardiolipin Antibody Screen is positive, IgG,IgM and IgA will be performed at an additional charge.

Test performed at Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute.

Caspofungin peak and trough levels in adults and adolescents during a normal dosage regimen:

Adult mean peak level: 8.0 mcg/mL
Adult mean trough level: 1.6 mcg/mL
Adolescent mean peak level: 14.0 mcg/mL
Adolescent mean trough level: 2.4 mcg/mL

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

The presence of high levels of IgM cardiolipin antibodies has been associated with hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and to a lesser extent recurrent fetal loss in SLE patients.

Test performed at Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute.

• Bartonella Antibody Panel, IFA (CSF)
• Bartonella DNA, Qualitative Real-Time PCR
• Bartonella henselae Antibodies (IgG, IgM) with Reflex to Titer
• Bartonella IgG Antibody, IFA (CSF)
• Bartonella IgG Antibody, IFA (Serum)
• Bartonella IgM Antibody, IFA (CSF)
• Bartonella Species Antibodies (IgG, IgM) with Reflex to Titer

Specimens collected just before or within 15 minutes of the next dose represent the TROUGH levels. Specimens obtained within 15-30 minutes after the end of I.V. infusion or 45-60 minutes after an IM injection or 90 minutes after oral intake represent the PEAK level.

This test is available for New York patient testing.

Specimens collected just before or within 15 minutes of the next dose represent the TROUGH levels. Specimens obtained within 15-30 minutes after the end of I.V. infusion or 45-60 minutes after an IM injection or 90 minutes after oral intake represent the PEAK level.

This test is available for New York patient testing.

See individual assay for description.

Panel Includes:

• Endomysial IgA Antibody, IFA
• Gliadin (deamidated peptide) Antibodies (IgG, IgA)
• Reticulin IgA Screen with Reflex to Titer
• Reticulin IgG Screen with Reflex to Titer
• Transglutaminase IgA Antibody, ELISA

 Serologic Tests for Celiac Disease

Specimens collected just before or within 15 minutes of the next dose represent the TROUGH levels. Specimens obtained within 15-30 minutes after the end of I.V. infusion or 45-60 minutes after an IM injection or 90 minutes after oral intake represent the PEAK level.

This test is available for New York patient testing.

Specimens collected just before or within 15 minutes of the next dose represent the TROUGH levels. Specimens obtained within 15-30 minutes after the end of I.V. infusion or 45-60 minutes after an IM injection or 90 minutes after oral intake represent the PEAK level.

This test is available for New York patient testing.

See individual assay for description.

Panel Includes:

• Gliadin (deamidated peptide) Antibodies (IgG, IgA)
• Transglutaminase IgA Antibody, ELISA

 Serologic Tests for Celiac Disease

Specimens collected just before or within 15 minutes of the next dose represent the TROUGH levels. Specimens obtained within 15-30 minutes after the end of I.V. infusion or 45-60 minutes after an IM injection or 90 minutes after oral intake represent the PEAK level.

This test is available for New York patient testing.

This unit code has been inactivated.

Please see unit code 2286.

Please see the following technical sheet for more information:
 Serologic Tests for Celiac Disease

Panel includes:

• Endomysial IgA Antibody, IFA
• Gliadin (deamidated peptide) Antibodies (IgG, IgA)
• IgA, Neph
• Transglutaminase IgA Antibody, ELISA

 Serologic Tests for Celiac Disease

This unit code has been inactivated.

Please see unit code 2286.

Please see the following technical sheet for more information:
 Serologic Tests for Celiac Disease

Specimens collected just before or within 15 minutes of the next dose represent the TROUGH levels. Specimens obtained within 15-30 minutes after the end of I.V. infusion or 45-60 minutes after an IM injection or 90 minutes after oral intake represent the PEAK level.

This test is available for New York patient testing.

• Trypanosoma cruzi Antibody Panel, IFA
• Trypanosoma cruzi IgG Antibody, IFA
• Trypanosoma cruzi IgM Antibody, IFA

• Bacterial Culture, Aerobic, Special

Chikungunya virus is a mosquito-borne alphavirus associated with large outbreaks of a febrile illness in Africa, Indian Ocean islands, India, and Southeast Asia. Although rarely fatal, these infections are associated with significant morbidity; symptoms include severe arthralgia, rash and headache. Serum samples are screened for Chikungunya virus-specific IgG and IgM antibodies using immunofluorescent assays. If the IgG or IgM screen is Positive, the specimen will be titered to endpoint at an additional charge.

†This test was developed and its performance characteristics determined by Focus Diagnostics. It has not been cleared or approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The FDA has determined that such clearance or approval is not necessary. Performance characteristics refer to the analytical performance of the test.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

The chlamydia DFA test detects the presence of the infectious elementary body.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

The complement fixation assay for chlamydial infection is a genus-specific test for antibodies recognizing antigenic determinants common to all chlamydiae. Although useful in the diagnosis of lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) and psittacosis, this assay is unsatisfactory for the diagnosis of chlamydial trachoma or pneumonia. In LGV and psittacosis, titers may not be increased in convalescent versus acute sera, since most patients have been infected for several weeks before the acute specimen is collected.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

Chikungunya virus is a mosquito-transmitted virus that is usually associated with acute epidemic polyarthralgia and fever. Detection of Chikungunya virus by this assay is based upon the real-time amplification of viral genomic RNA sequences from total nucleic acid extraction of the specimen.

This test is not approved for New York patient testing.

This unit code has been inactivated.

Please see unit code 40260.

This test uses Chlamydial initial body inclusions from the L2 serotype of C. trachomatis in cultured cell monolayers. The inclusions are broadly reactive to both Chlamydial genus and species specific antibody. Thus this test is employed as a screen to detect antibody produced against all chlamydial species. Since exposure in humans to chlamydia is common, this test is of limited value for the differential diagnosis of infections caused by the different chlamydial species. See Chlamydia Species Differentiation Antibody Panel, IFA (Focus Unit Code 23000).

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

This unit code has been inactivated.

Please see unit code 40265.

Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular parasites responsible for a variety of ocular, urogenital, and respiratory diseases. Centrifugation-enhanced cultures are stained with a fluorescent monoclonal antibody specific for C. trachomatis and C. psittaci inclusion bodies.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

This unit code has been inactivated.

Please see unit code 23120.

Chlamydophila (formerly classified as Chlamydia) pneumoniae causes atypical pneumonia. Chlamydophila pneumoniae DNA PCR is a highly sensitive method to detect the presence of Chlamydophila pneumoniae DNA in clinical specimens

This test is not approved for New York patient testing.

See individual assay for description.

Panel includes:

• Chlamydia trachomatis IgG
• Chlamydophila pneumoniae IgG
• Chlamydophila psittaci IgG

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

See individual assay for description.

Panel includes:

• Chlamydia trachomatis IgM
• Chlamydophila pneumoniae IgM
• Chlamydophila psittaci IgM

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

Chlamydia pneumoniae, formerly called the TWAR strain of Chlamydia, is recognized as a common cause of atypical pneumonia and other acute respiratory diseases. It has been reported to be involved in the etiology of atherosclerosis and possibly Alzheimer's Disease. Culture offers presumptive diagnosis and guidance for antibiotic selection. Specimens are centrifuged onto cyclohexamide-treated Hep-2 cell monolayers, which allow for growth of C. pneumoniae. Cultures are stained at 72 hours with a fluorescent monoclonal antibody specific for C. pneumoniae inclusion bodies.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

The detection of Chlamydia/Chlamydophila infection is complicated by the presence of crossreactive antibody, non-specific antibody stimulation, or past exposure to multiple species. Antibody titers are determined for Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and Chlamydophila psittaci.

†This test was developed and its performance characteristics determined by Focus Diagnostics. It has not been cleared or approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The FDA has determined that such clearance or approval is not necessary. Performance characteristics refer to the analytical performance of the test.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

Chlamydophila pneumoniae is a cause of community acquired atypical pneumonia and is implicated in a number of other chronic conditions. Serological testing is useful as an aid in diagnosing infections because Chlamydophila cannot normally be isolated in culture.

†This test was developed and its performance characteristics determined by Focus Diagnostics. It has not been cleared or approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The FDA has determined that such clearance or approval is not necessary. Performance characteristics refer to the analytical performance of the test.

Chlamydophila pneumoniae is a cause of community acquired atypical pneumonia and is implicated in a number of other chronic conditions. Serological testing is useful as an aid in diagnosing infections because Chlamydophila cannot normally be isolated in culture.

†This test was developed and its performance characteristics determined by Focus Diagnostics. It has not been cleared or approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The FDA has determined that such clearance or approval is not necessary. Performance characteristics refer to the analytical performance of the test.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

Chlamydophila psittaci causes psittacosis, an uncommon form of atypical pneumonia. Serological testing is useful as an aid in diagnosing infections because Chlamydophila cannot normally be isolated in culture.

†This test was developed and its performance characteristics determined by Focus Diagnostics. It has not been cleared or approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The FDA has determined that such clearance or approval is not necessary. Performance characteristics refer to the analytical performance of the test.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

Chlamydia is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases among young sexually active individuals. Infection is usually occult, and serological testing is valuable as an aid in diagnosis.

†This test was developed and its performance characteristics determined by Focus Diagnostics. It has not been cleared or approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The FDA has determined that such clearance or approval is not necessary. Performance characteristics refer to the analytical performance of the test.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

Antibodies to chromatin (DNA complexed with histone proteins) are found in 50% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and are significantly associated with kidney disease in this patient group. Among patients with autoimmune connective tissue diseases, detection of chromatin antibodies is 95% specific for SLE; in addition, chromatin antibodies are also more sensitive and specific than histone antibodies for identifying patients with drug-induced lupus. Recent studies further demonstrate that chromatin antibodies are present in about 40% of patients with autoimmune hepatitis, and identify patients with active disease who commonly relapse after drug withdrawal. Other names used for chromatin antibodies include LE-cell factor, DNP antibodies, and (H2A-H2B)-DNA antibodies.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

 Autoantibodies Associated with Autoimmune Hepatitis

See individual assay for description.

Panel Includes:

• Coxsackie B Antibody Panel, CF
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgG and IgM Antibody, ELISA
• Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigen (EBNA) Antibody, ACIF
• Epstein-Barr Viral Capsid Antigen (VCA) Antibody, IFA
• Epstein-Barr Virus Early Antigen (R+D) IgG, IFA
• Herpesvirus 6 Antibodies (IgG, IgM)
• Interferon-Alpha, EIA
• Interleukin-2 (IL-2), ELISA
• Interleukin-2 Receptor (IL-2R), ELISA

See individual assay for description.

Panel Includes:

• Coxsackie B Antibody Panel, CF
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgG and IgM Antibody, ELISA
• Epstein-Barr Virus Antibody Panel, Secondary, IFA
• Herpesvirus 6 Antibodies (IgG, IgM)
• Immunoglobulins, Quantitative, NEPH
• Interferon-Alpha, EIA
• Natural Killer Cell (NKC) Functional Assay, FC
• T Cell Subsets, FC

See individual assay for description.

Panel Includes:

• Coxsackie B Antibody Panel, CF
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgG and IgM Antibody, ELISA
• Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigen (EBNA) Antibody, ACIF
• Epstein-Barr Viral Capsid Antigen (VCA) IgG Antibody, IFA
• Epstein-Barr Viral Capsid Antigen (VCA) IgM Antibody, IFA
• Epstein-Barr Virus Early Antigen (R+D) IgG, IFA
• Herpesvirus 6 Antibodies (IgG, IgM)

• Platelet Circulating Antibody, FC

Specimens collected just before or within 15 minutes of the next dose represent the TROUGH levels. Specimens obtained within 15-30 minutes after the end of I.V. infusion or 45-60 minutes after an IM injection or 90 minutes after oral intake represent the PEAK level.

This test is available for New York patient testing.

Specimens collected just before or within 15 minutes of the next dose represent the TROUGH levels. Specimens obtained within 15-30 minutes after the end of I.V. infusion or 45-60 minutes after an IM injection or 90 minutes after oral intake represent the PEAK level.

This test is available for New York patient testing.

Specimens collected just before or within 15 minutes of the next dose represent the TROUGH levels. Specimens obtained within 15-30 minutes after the end of I.V. infusion or 45-60 minutes after an IM injection or 90 minutes after oral intake represent the PEAK level.

This test is available for New York patient testing.

The isolation of C. difficile from stool specimens provides a high degree of sensitivity (97%) for the diagnosis of pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated disease. However, a positive culture may be a non-specific finding (carrier or colonization) or the isolate may be a non-toxigenic strain.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

See individual assay for description.

Panel Includes:

• Clostridium difficile Culture
• Clostridium difficile Cytotoxin B Detection, CC

Clostridium difficile produces two toxins which are immuno-chemically and biologically distinct: toxin A an enterotoxin and toxin B an extremely active cytotoxin. The cytotoxin A/B assay for Clostridium difficile is based on a sandwich enzyme immunoassay. This assay does not discriminate between toxin A and B.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

Clostridium difficile is the major causative agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, colitis and pseudomembranous colitis. Only C. difficile strains that produce toxins A and/or B are pathogenic; non-toxin producing strains are not pathogenic. Most pathogenic strains of C. difficile produce both toxins, but some produce only toxin B due to deletions of sequences in the toxin A gene. This real-time PCR assay amplifies and detects sequences in two C. difficile genes that confirm the identity of C. difficile in the specimen and also detect the presence of the toxin B gene in toxigenic strains.

This test is not approved for New York patient testing.

Clostridium difficile produces two toxins: toxin A, an enterotoxin which causes destruction to the colonic epithelium, and toxin B, an extremely active cytotoxin. Toxin B causes cytopathic effects in many types of cell cultures. Toxigenic strains of C. difficile produce both toxins, except in extremely rare instances. The cytotoxin assay for C. difficile uses a cell culture system which detects toxin B.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

Clostridium difficile cytotoxin antibody is measured by an in vitro neutralization assay. The level of antibody is reported as the final serial dilution showing neutralization of cytotoxins. Patients with C. difficile-associated diarrhea usually produce secretory and serum antibodies to both toxins. Therefore, the presence of antibody indicates past or current exposure to C. difficile toxins, but the association between antibody levels and disease protection is undefined. Evidence suggesting a protective role for antibody can be found in a recent report where it was shown that children with chronic relapsing C. difficile-associated colitis do not produce antibody and can be successfully treated with hyperimmune gamma globulin.

This test is not approved for New York patient testing.

• Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Direct Detection, DFA
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA, Qualitative Real-Time PCR
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA, Quantitative Real-Time PCR
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgG and IgM Antibody Panel, ELISA (CSF)
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgG and IgM Antibody Panel, ELISA (Serum)
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Rapid Culture (48 hr.)
• Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Recent Infection Antibody Panel

Antibodies to Coccidioides TP antigen usually appear during the first week of infection, and remain detectable for approximately 5 months; their detection indicates recent, active infection. Antibodies to Coccidioides F antigen appear within a month of infection, and remain detectable for up to a year thereafter.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

All serum titers >=1:2 must be considered presumptive evidence of coccidioidomycosis, although titers of 1:2 and 1:4 should be confirmed by immunodiffusion testing. Positive results by both CF and ID are diagnostic. Titers exceeding 1:16 usually reflect disseminated disease. In general, the higher the titer, the more severe the disease, and changes in serial titers are also of prognostic value. A negative CF test does not, however, rule out the diagnosis. Patients with cavitary disease are only 70% positive, and with nodular diseases, only 30% positive.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

Cerebrospinal fluid titers, when present, may indicate coccimeningitis (75% positive) or an extradural source. However, in CNS disease neither CSF nor serum titers appear to have prognostic value.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

Specimens positive for Coccidioides antibodies to TP and/or F antigens by immunodiffusion (ID) will reflex to complement fixation (CF) testing (Focus Unit Code 40280) at an additional charge.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

The immunodiffusion procedure correlates both in sensitivity and clinical utility with the CF test. It is most useful in confirming the specificity of low CF titers, where line(s) of identity are formed with reference antisera. Positive ID reactions are diagnostic for coccidioidomycosis and usually indicate active or recent disease.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

Detection of intrathecally-produced organism-specific antibodies in CSF indicates central nervous system infection. However, serum levels of organism-specific antibodies, blood-brain barrier integrity, and possible CSF contamination by blood should be considered when assessing CSF results.

This test is available for New York patient testing.

This procedure correlates with the tube precipitin test ("TP" Antigen) both in sensitivity and in clinical utility, usually giving a positive agglutination reaction in the first 3 weeks of active coccidioidomycosis and remaining positive for up to 5 months. The latex agglutination procedure primarily detects IgM antibody. The LA test should not be applied to CSF because false positive reactions (6 to 10%) are likely. Specimens are not titered, since the normal decrease in agglutinins is not prognostic.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

See individual assay for description.

Panel Includes:

• Coccidioides Antibody, Complement Fixation, Serum
• Coccidioides Antibody, Immunodiffusion, Serum

See individual assay for description.

Panel Includes:

• Coccidioides Antibody, Complement Fixation, CSF
• Coccidioides Antibody, Immunodiffusion, CSF

See individual assay for description.

Panel Includes:

• Coccidioides Antibody, Complement Fixation, Serum
• Coccidioides Antibody, Immunodiffusion, Serum
• Coccidioides Antibody, LA

See individual assay for description.

Panel Includes:

• Coccidioides Antibody, Complement Fixation, Serum
• Coccidioides Antibody, LA

Conventional laboratory identification methods used to identify Coccidioides immitis include growth on fungal media, growth rate, and colonial and microscopic morphology. Once the organism begins to grow in culture, it may take many days of additional growth before the characteristic microscopic appearance of sportulation is observed. This test utilizes a chemiluminescent-labeled, single-stranded DNA probe that hybridizes to specific ribosomal RNA sequences that are unique to C. immitis. Colonies are identified as soon as growth is visible, with no need to wait for sportulation to occur. The sensitivity and specificity of this test both approach 100%.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

This assay measures total antibodies to C. immitis with approximately 90% sensitivity and 90% specificity compared to immunodiffusion. Samples exhibiting equivocal or positive results are confirmed by ID (Focus Unit Code 40270) for an additional charge.

†This test was developed and its performance characteristics determined by Focus Diagnostics. It has not been cleared or approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The FDA has determined that such clearance or approval is not necessary. Performance characteristics refer to the analytical performance of the test.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

Patients with Colorado Tick Fever demonstrate a seroconversion or four-fold rise in IFA titer between acute and convalescent sera. Also, the detection of IgM indicates acute infection.

This test is available for New York patient testing.

Patients with Colorado Tick Fever demonstrate a seroconversion or four-fold rise in IFA titer between acute and convalescent sera. Also, the detection of IgM indicates acute infection.

This test is available for New York patient testing.

Patients with Colorado Tick Fever demonstrate a seroconversion or four-fold rise in IFA titer between acute and convalescent sera. Also, the detection of IgM indicates acute infection.

This test is available for New York patient testing.

• C3 Complement, NEPH

• C4 Complement, NEPH

• Diphtheria Antitoxoid, ELISA

• Bacterial Culture, Aerobic, Special

Coxiella burnetii is causative agent of Q fever in humans and infects a variety of different animals. Humans are most likely infected by inhalation of contaminated aerosols resulting from the shedding of C. burnetii in urine, feces, mild and birth products by infected domestic ungulates (cattle, sheep and/or goats). Q fever may manifest as either an acute, self-limiting infection or chronic illness, which can result in endocarditis and often requires prolonged antibiotic therapy. This real-time PCR assay detects C. burnetii nucleic acid in multiple specimen types.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

• Enterovirus RNA, Qualitative Real-Time PCR

Panel currently includes testing against A-2, 4, 7, 9, 10 and 16 antigens. Although there is crossreactivity among the enteroviruses by CF, most healthy people do not have titers >=1:8. Therefore, detectable titers, especially those >=1:32, should be considered a positive identification. Confirmation is made by demonstration of a four-fold change in titers between acute and convalescent sera. See Unit Code 4401 for parallel testing.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

Detection of intrathecally-produced organism-specific antibodies in CSF indicates central nervous system infection. However, serum levels of organism-specific antibodies, blood-brain barrier integrity, and possible CSF contamination by blood should be considered when assessing CSF results.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

See individual assay for description.

Panel Includes:

• Acute Specimen (serum/plasma)
• Convalescent Specimen (serum/plasma)

Panel includes testing against the 6 immunotypes of Coxsackie B viruses. Although there is crossreactivity among the enteroviruses by CF, most healthy people do not have titers >=1:8. Therefore detectable titers, especially those >=1:32, should be considered a positive identification. Confirmation is made by demonstration of a four-fold change in titers between acute and convalescent sera. See Unit Code 4402 for parallel testing.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

Detection of intrathecally-produced organism-specific antibodies in CSF indicates central nervous system infection. However, serum levels of organism-specific antibodies, blood-brain barrier integrity, and possible CSF contamination by blood should be considered when assessing CSF results.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

See individual assay for description.

Panel Includes:

• Acute Specimen (serum)
• Convalescent Specimen (serum)

Cryofibrinogens are rarely occurring cold-precipitable proteins most often associated with neoplastic diseases such as pulmonary, gastric or colonic cancers, metastatic carcinoma of the prostate, multiple myeloma and certain inflammatory diseases such as acute rheumatic fever and ulcerative colitis. Occasional cryofibrinogens occur without any obvious underlying disease. Cryofibrinogens are of unknown significance.

This test is available for New York patient testing.

Cryoglobulins are immunoglobulins that precipitate in the cold and are of three types: Type I (monoclonal immunoglobulins), Type II (monoclonal and polyclonal immunoglobulins) and Type III (polyclonal immunoglobulins). Types II and III are present in various collagen vascular diseases. If cryoglobulins are detected, the specimen will reflex to Cryoglobulin Typing and Quantitative, IFE AND NEPH for an additional charge.

This test is available for New York patient testing.

This unit code has been inactivated.

Please see unit code 20310.

The latex agglutination (LA) assay detects the presence of capsular polysaccharide antigens of Cryptococcus neoformans in serum.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.