This assay is a useful serologic tool in the diagnosis of Crohn's disease (CD) and the differentiation of CD from ulcerative colitis (UC). Approximately 80% of CD patients are positive for S. cerevisiae IgG, and about half of these IgG-positive patients are also positive for S. cerevisiae IgA. In contrast, only 20% of UC patients are positive for S. cerevisiae IgG, and less than 5% are positive for S. cerevisiae IgA. Detection of both S. cerevisiae IgG and IgA in the same serum specimen is highly specific for CD.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

See individual assay for description.

Panel Includes:

• Anti-Neuronal Nuclear (Hu/Ri) Antibodies (ANNA), IFA (Serum) with Reflex To Titer and Western Blot
• MAG Antibody, Dual ELISA
• Purkinje Cell Cytoplasmic (Yo) Antibodies (PCCA), IFA (Serum) with Reflex To Titer and Western Blot

 Neuropathy-associated Antibody Testing

Antibodies to Salmonella flagellar (H) and somatic (O) antigens typically peak 3-5 weeks after infection. A positive result in this assay is equivalent to a titer of >=1:160 by tube agglutination (Widal). Results should not be considered as diagnostic unless confirmed by culture.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

• Salmonella Antibodies, EIA

Serologic typing plays an important role in identifying members of the genus Salmonella and is an important tool for dividing species into serogroups during epidemiologic investigations.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

• Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Serum Bactericidal Test (Schlichter)

Shigella species can be separated, using specific antisera in an agglutination reaction, as S. dysenteriae (group A), S. flexneri (group B), S. boydii (group C), and S. sonnei (group D). S. sonnei is the serotype most commonly associated with diarrheal disease in the U.S., although symptoms tend to be mild or asymptomatic. S. dysenteriae is the least commonly recovered serotype in the U.S., but is the most virulent. Shigella types A, B, C, C1, C2, D, and Alkalescens Dispar are tested.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

• Hantavirus Antibodies, ELISA

The detection of the genomic RNA from the Coronavirus associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is based upon reverse transcription of specific viral genomic RNA sequences followed by PCR amplification. The methodology was developed by the Bernhard-Nocht Institute (Hamburg, Germany) and described by the World Health Organization.

Note: Specimens suspected to be infected with SARS coronavirus should be submitted to Focus according to standard IATA guidelines and prominently indicate "Suspected SARS" on the outside of the specimen bag.

This test is not approved for New York patient testing.

• SS-A and SS-B IgG Antibodies, MAID

• Epidermal (Skin) Antibody, IFA

Scabies is a skin infestation of the itch mite (Sarcoptes scabiei) that results in itching, redness, and small lesions in the skin that can become widespread skin eruptions. Scabies is transmitted by close personal contact. Identification is made by microscopic examination of skin scrapings with suspected scabies mites.

This test is available for New York patient testing.

This unit code has been inactivated.

Please see unit code 20226.

This assay is highly specific (99%) and sensitive (96%) for detection of infection caused by S. mansoni. Although the assay is also highly specific for infections caused by other Schistosoma species (S. japonicum, S. haematobium, S. mekongi), its sensitivity for these infections is lower (55%). Antibody levels do not correlate with intensity of infection.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

Sm is a highly specific marker of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and is present in 30% of SLE patients.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

• Actin (Smooth Muscle) IgG, ELISA

Detection of intrathecally-produced organism-specific antibodies in CSF indicates central nervous system infection. However, serum levels of organism-specific antibodies, blood-brain barrier integrity, and possible CSF contamination by blood should be considered when assessing CSF results.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

• Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Serum Bactericidal Test (Schlichter)

• Interleukin-2 (IL-2), ELISA

This unit code has been inactivated.

Please see unit code 20242.

Antibodies to soluble liver antigen (SLA) are found in approximately 30% of patients with autoimmune hepatitis type 1 (AIH-1), and are identical to antibodies recognizing liver-pancreas (LP) antigen. SLA antibodies have been found in some patients with clinical features of AIH-1 who are negative for conventional serologic markers of AIH-1 (ANA, Actin (smooth muscle) antibodies). Unlike these conventional markers, the specificity of SLA antibodies for AIH-1 approaches 100%.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

 Autoantibodies Associated with Autoimmune Hepatitis

Scl-70 antibody is highly specific for PSS/scleroderma and is present in 25% of such cases. Scl-70 antibody is occasionally present in Reynaud's phenomenon (10%) and Sjögren's Syndrome-Sicca complex (5%).
For additional Neuropathy testing, see Motor Neuropathy, Motor and Sensory Neuropathy, and Neuropathy

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

The incidence of sperm antibody in the normal population is 0-3.5% for fertile (pregnant) females and 0-2% for males. The incidence of antibody in infertile couples without organic disease is 18% for females and 5-10% for males. Up to 40% of vasectomized males have been reported to have sperm antibody.

Test performed at Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute.

• Celiac Disease Antibody Panel, ELISA

This unit code has been inactivated.

Please see unit code 20247.

SS-A antibodies are present in connective tissue diseases at the following frequencies: SS (65%), SS-RA (10%), SLE (35%) and in other connective tissue diseases (5%). SS-A antibodies are present in sera from infants and mothers of infants with neonatal lupus and congenital heart block. SS-B antibodies are of a higher specificity for Sjögren's syndrome than SS-A antibodies and are present in the following frequencies: SS-sicca (60%), SS-RA (5%) and SLE (5%).

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

• ssDNA Antibody, ELISA

IgG titers >=1:16 are suggestive of exposure while the presence of IgM indicates recent infection. Human infections are seasonal, from mid- to late-summer, occurring throughout the southern, southwestern, and west central states. Strong crossreactivity may be seen with other Group B arboviruses (Flavivirus) including Dengue, Japanese Encephalitis, Rio Bravo, Powassan, and Yellow Fever.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

Detection of intrathecally-produced organism-specific antibodies in CSF indicates central nervous system infection. However, serum levels of organism-specific antibodies, blood-brain barrier integrity, and possible CSF contamination by blood should be considered when assessing CSF results.

This test is available for New York patient testing.

IgG titers >=1:16 are suggestive of exposure while the presence of IgM indicates recent infection. Human infections are seasonal, from mid- to late-summer, occurring throughout the southern, southwestern, and west central states. Strong crossreactivity may be seen with other Group B arboviruses (Flavivirus) including Dengue, Japanese Encephalitis, Rio Bravo, Powassan, and Yellow Fever.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

Detection of intrathecally-produced organism-specific antibodies in CSF indicates central nervous system infection. However, serum levels of organism-specific antibodies, blood-brain barrier integrity, and possible CSF contamination by blood should be considered when assessing CSF results.

This test is available for New York patient testing.

IgG titers >=1:16 are suggestive of exposure while the presence of IgM indicates recent infection. Human infections are seasonal, from mid- to late-summer, occurring throughout the southern, southwestern, and west central states. Strong crossreactivity may be seen with other Group B arboviruses (Flavivirus) including Dengue, Japanese Encephalitis, Rio Bravo, Powassan, and Yellow Fever.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

Detection of intrathecally-produced organism-specific antibodies in CSF indicates central nervous system infection. However, serum levels of organism-specific antibodies, blood-brain barrier integrity, and possible CSF contamination by blood should be considered when assessing CSF results.

This test is available for New York patient testing.

• Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin Panel, MAID

• Bacterial Culture, Aerobic, Special

Elevated titers are seen in patients with recent beta hemolytic streptococcal pyelonephritis cases, and 75% of post-streptococcal pharyngitis cases show elevated titers. Titers peak at 4-6 weeks post onset, remaining elevated for many months, thus aiding in the diagnosis of Sydenham's chorea. If paired sera are available, a two-fold rise in titer is diagnostic, regardless of the magnitude of the titers.

Normal:

<=1:60 (pre-school) <=1:170 (school-age) <=1:85 (adult)

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

Specific soluble bacterial capsular polysaccharide antigens accumulate in CSF, serum, or urine. This is a presumptive latex agglutination test for the direct qualitative detection of bacterial antigen. Visible agglutination occurs when a sample containing a bacterial antigen reacts with specific polyclonal antibody-coated latex particles. This test is not intended as a substitute for a properly performed Gram stain and bacterial culture. Confirmatory diagnosis of bacterial meningitis is only possible with appropriate culture procedures. Samples with extremely low levels of antigen may yield negative results. Nonspecific reactions are known to occur, especially with urine samples. Cross-reactions and interference by rheumatoid factor and other substances have also been reported.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

Specific soluble bacterial capsular polysaccharide antigens accumulate in CSF, serum, or urine. This is a presumptive latex agglutination test for the direct qualitative detection of bacterial antigen. Visible agglutination occurs when a sample containing a bacterial antigen reacts with specific polyclonal antibody-coated latex particles. This test is not intended as a substitute for a properly performed Gram stain and bacterial culture. Confirmatory diagnosis of bacterial meningitis is only possible with appropriate culture procedures. Samples with extremely low levels of antigen may yield negative results. Nonspecific reactions are known to occur, especially with urine samples. Cross-reactions and interference by rheumatoid factor and other substances have also been reported.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

Colonies which have been presumptively identified as Streptococcus pneumoniae are serologically identified using 9 standard serotyping pools, A-I, followed by type-specific antisera in a co-agglutination reaction.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

This panel measures IgG antibodies recognizing 6 type-specific pneumococcal polysaccharide antigens included in the polyvalent vaccine, 1, 3, 14, 19 (19F), 23 (23F) and 51 (7F). Evaluation of the response to pneumonococcal vaccination is best accomplished by comparing pre-vaccination and post-vaccination antibody levels (assayed in the same test run), rather than by assessing only post-vaccination antibody levels. A 2- to 4-fold increase in type-specific antibodies measured 4 to 6 weeks after vaccination is expected in immunocompetent adults; the number of serotypes for which a 2- to 4-fold increase is observed varies greatly among individuals, and no distinct response pattern has been linked to protection.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

 Pneumococcal Vaccine Response

 Vaccine Response Testing

This panel measures IgG antibodies recognizing the pneumococcal polysaccharide antigens included in the conjugate vaccine, Prevnar^® (7-valent Conjugate Vaccine). Comparison of pre-vaccination and post-vaccination antibody levels, rather than assessing post-vaccination antibody levels only, provides a more complete evaluation of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine response. A 4-fold increase in type-specific IgG to most serotypes is expected after 4 doses of vaccine.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

 Pneumococcal Vaccine Response

 Vaccine Response Testing

This panel measures IgG antibodies recognizing the pneumococcal polysaccharide antigens included in the conjugate vaccine, Prevnar-13™. Comparison of pre-vaccination and post-vaccination antibody levels, rather than assessing post-vaccination antibody levels only, provides a more complete evaluation of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine response. A 4-fold increase in type-specific IgG to most serotypes is expected after 4 doses of vaccine.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

This panel measures IgG antibodies recognizing 12 type-specific pneumococcal polysaccharide antigens included in the polyvalent vaccine, 1, 3, 4, 8, 9 (9V), 12 (12F), 14, 19 (19F), 23 (23F), 26 (6B), 51 (7F) and 56 (18C). Evaluation of the response to pneumonococcal vaccination is best accomplished by comparing pre-vaccination and post-vaccination antibody levels (assayed in the same test run), rather than by assessing only post-vaccination antibody levels. A 2- to 4-fold increase in type-specific antibodies measured 4 to 6 weeks after vaccination is expected in immunocompetent adults; the number of serotypes for which a 2- to 4-fold increase is observed varies greatly among individuals, and no distinct response pattern has been linked to protection.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

 Pneumococcal Vaccine Response

 Vaccine Response Testing

This panel measures IgG antibodies recognizing 14 type-specific pneumococcal polysaccharide antigens included in the polyvalent vaccine, 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9 (9N), 12 (12F), 14, 19 (19F), 23 (23F), 26 (6B), 51 (7F), 56 (18C) and 68 (9V). Evaluation of the response to pneumonococcal vaccination is best accomplished by comparing pre-vaccination and post-vaccination antibody levels (assayed in the same test run), rather than by assessing only post-vaccination antibody levels. A 2- to 4-fold increase in type-specific antibodies measured 4 to 6 weeks after vaccination is expected in immunocompetent adults; the number of serotypes for which a 2- to 4-fold increase is observed varies greatly among individuals, and no distinct response pattern has been linked to protection.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

 Pneumococcal Vaccine Response

 Vaccine Response Testing

This unit code has been inactivated.

Please see unit code 40765.

Please see the following technical sheet for more information:
 Pneumococcal Vaccine Response

This unit code has been inactivated.

Please see unit code 40752.

Please see the following technical sheet for more information:
 Pneumococcal Vaccine Response

This assay detects antibodies to multiple extracellular antigens of group A Streptococcus, including anti-streptolysin O, anti-streptokinase, and anti-hyaluronidase. Such antibodies may develop in streptococcal pharyngitis, rheumatic fever, pyoderma, glomerulonephritis, and other related conditions. Tests have shown that approximately 80% of specimens positive by Streptozyme have anti-streptolysin O, and 10% have anti-streptokinase and/or anti-hyaluronidase. The remaining 10% of positive samples are apparently due to antibodies to other streptococcal extracellular antigens or to the combined effect of several antibodies that, individually, would fall below detectable limits. A positive Streptozyme screen will reflex to a titer at an additional charge.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

This unit code has been inactivated.

Please see unit code 40762.

Please see the following technical sheet for more information:
 Pneumococcal Vaccine Response

This panel measures IgG antibodies recognizing all 23 type-specific pneumococcal polysaccharide antigens included in the 23-valent vaccine. Evaluation of the response to pneumonococcal vaccination is best accomplished by comparing pre-vaccination and post-vaccination antibody levels (assayed in the same test run), rather than by assessing only post-vaccination antibody levels. A 2- to 4-fold increase in type-specific antibodies measured 4 to 6 weeks after vaccination is expected in immunocompetent adults; the number of serotypes for which a 2- to 4-fold increase is observed varies greatly among individuals, and no distinct response pattern has been linked to protection.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

This unit code has been inactivated.

Please see unit code 40682.

Please see the following technical sheet for more information:
 Pneumococcal Vaccine Response

• Anti-Streptolysin O (ASO), NEPH

This unit code has been inactivated.

Please see unit code 40835.

This antibody is present in 30% of patients with adult myasthenia gravis (MG), in 80 to 90% of MG with thymoma, and in 20-25% of patients without clinical evidence of MG. Striational muscle antibody is rarely seen in patients under 20 years of age.

This test is available for New York patient testing.

Strongyloides stercoralis is a parasitic nematode found in tropical and subtropical regions. Because of low larval densities in feces, stool examination is a relatively insensitive diagnostic test; serodiagnosis by ELISA offers increased sensitivity. Antibody titers decrease in many patients following treatment. Patients with latent infections who are immunosuppressed or receiving immunosuppressive therapy are at risk of life-threatening hyperinfection. Significant crossreativity may be observed in filarial and other nematode infections.

†This test was developed and its performance characteristics determined by Focus Diagnostics. It has not been cleared or approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The FDA has determined that such clearance or approval is not necessary. Performance characteristics refer to the analytical performance of the test.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

Substance P is a normal component of the central and peripheral nervous systems, where it appears to act as a neurotransmitter. Pharmacological effects of substance P include excitation of spinal motoneurons, vasodilation, and stimulation of salivary and pancreatic secretion.

*This test was performed using a kit that has not been cleared or approved by the FDA. The analytical performance characteristics of this test have been determined by Focus Diagnostics. This test should not be used for diagnosis without confirmation by other medically established means.

This test is not approved for New York patient testing.

• Fecal Fat Determination

This unit code has been inactivated.

Please see unit code 51526.

• AFB Susceptibility, M. avium Complex, Drug Combinations, Agar Method
• AFB Susceptibility, M. tuberculosis Complex Panel, Agar Method (PZA Broth Method)
• AFB Susceptibility, M. tuberculosis Complex Primary Panel, Agar Method
• AFB Susceptibility, M. tuberculosis Complex, Primary Panel, Broth Method
• AFB Susceptibility, M. tuberculosis Complex, Secondary Panel, Agar Method
• AFB, Susceptibility, M. tuberculosis Complex, Secondary Panel, Broth Method
• Antifungal Susceptibility, Dermatophyte MIC Panel
• Antifungal Susceptibility, Mold, MIC Panel
• Antifungal Susceptibility, Yeast Comprehensive Panel
• Antifungal Susceptibility, Yeast, MIC Panel
• Antimicrobial Susc, Stenotrophomonas/Burkholderia, MIC Panel
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility, AFB Rapid Grower, MIC
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility, AFB, Custom MIC-1 Drug, Rapid, Broth Method
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility, AFB, Pyrazinamide, Broth Method
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Anaerobe MIC Panel
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Brucella, MIC Panel
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Campylobacter, MIC Panel
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Enterococcus, MIC Panel
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Fastidious Gram-Negative Rods, MIC and MBC Panel
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Fastidious Gram-Negative Rods, MIC Panel
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Francisella, MIC Panel
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Gram-Negative Rods, MIC Panel
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Gram-Positive Rods, MIC Panel
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Haemophilus, MIC Panel
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Helicobacter pylori, MIC Panel
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Mycoplasma hominis, 2 Drug Panel
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, MIC Panel
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Neisseria meningitidis, MIC Panel
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Nocardia/Aerobic Actinomycetes, MIC
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Serum Bactericidal Test (Schlichter)
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Staphylococcus, MIC and MBC Panel
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Staphylococcus, MIC Panel
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Streptococcus pneumoniae, MIC Panel
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Streptococcus, MIC and MBC Panel
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Streptococcus, MIC Panel
• Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Ureaplasma urealyticum, 2 Drug Panel
• Mycobacterium avium Complex MIC and Drug Combinations
• Mycobacterium avium Complex MIC Panel
• Mycobacterium Slow Grower MIC

• Antimicrobial Synergy Studies

• Treponema pallidum Antibody, IFA (CSF)
• Treponema pallidum Antibody, IFA (Serum)