This assay is for identification of parasitic worms isolated from a patient’s stool or other sources. These include the roundworms, tapeworms, and flukes that can be distinguished from insect larvae which often have hair-like projections. Insects (including larvae), arthropods, ticks, and Scabies identifications are performed with other specific Focus tests including: Scabies Identification (Focus Unit Code 57200, Tick (and other Arthropods) identification (Focus Unit Code 57000).

This test is available for New York patient testing.

Purkinje cell (Yo) antibody is present in approximately 50% of patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD). Most patients with Purkinje cell antibody and PCD have an associated cancer primarily of ovarian or breast origin.

Note: Western blot (WB) will not be reported if IFA is negative. If the PCCA Screen is positive it will reflex to PCCA Titer and Western Blot for an additional charge.

This test is available for New York patient testing.

 Neuropathy-associated Antibody Testing

This unit code has been inactivated.

Please see the following unit codes
57000, 57200 and 57300

See individual assay for description.

Panel Includes:

• Cryptosporidium/lsospora Direct Detection, DFA and FM
• Entamoeba histolytica Antibody ELISA
• Parasite Examination (Ova and Parasite), LM

Purkinje cell (Yo) antibody is present in approximately 50% of patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD). Most patients with Purkinje cell antibody and PCD have an associated cancer primarily of ovarian or breast origin. If the PCCA Screen is positive it will reflex to PCCA Titer and Western Blot for an additional charge.

This test is available for New York patient testing.

 Neuropathy-associated Antibody Testing

The parechoviruses are a group of RNA viruses belonging to the Picornaviridae family. Currently, three members of the Parechovirus family infect humans. Parechovirus type I was formerly known as echovirus 22, and parechovirus type 2 was formerly known as echovirus 23. Recently, a third serotype of parechovirus has been discovered. Similar to the enteroviruses, parechoviruses are responsible for gastrointestinal, respiratory and central nervous system infections.

This test is not approved for New York patient testing.

Up to 90%of patients with chronic atrophic gastritis accompanied by pernicious anemia are positive for parietal cell antibody. The antibody is less common in chronic gastritis without pernicious anemia (12%), autoimmune thyroid disease (30%), Addison's disease (25%), and iron deficiency anemia (20%).

This test is available for New York patient testing.

This procedure is a useful adjunct to isolation methods, especially where the specimen is taken more than 5 days post-onset or specimen collection/transport problems occur. Smears are stained with fluorescent monoclonal antibodies that will detect the presence of Parainfluenza virus types 1, 2 and 3 in respiratory specimens.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

This unit code has been inactivated.

Please see unit code 51935.

• Chlamydia trachomatis/psittaci Culture
• Chlamydophila psittaci Antibodies (IgG, IgA, IgM)

The detection of human Parvovirus B19 DNA is based upon the real-time PCR amplification and detection of specific Parvovirus B19 genomic sequences from total DNA extracted from the specimen.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

The detection of parainfluenza virus (types 1-3) RNA is based upon the amplification of conserved parainfluenza virus genomic RNA sequences by reverse transcription and real-time PCR. Type specific primer/probe sets are used to differentiate the products of the RT-PCR reaction.

This test is not approved for New York patient testing.

Single titers >=1:64 or stable high titers are generally related to recent infection. After initial infection, antibody responses at a later date are often heterotypic and include reaction to other paramyxoviruses (mumps). In the infant population less than 6 months of age, a combination of viral isolation and antigen detection methods is recommended.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

A positive IgM result indicates exposure within the past 2-3 months. Parvovirus infection is associated with several distinct clinical manifestations, e.g., erythema infectiosum (fifth disease), aplastic crisis, fetal infection and probably forms of arthritis.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

If Parvovirus B19 DNA is detected in the qualitative assay, the test will reflex to the quantitative assay at an additional charge. The quantitative range of this assay is 100 - 100,000,000 copies/mL.

This test is not approved for New York patient testing.

This unit code has been inactivated.

Please see unit code 40755.

Parvovirus infection is associated with several distinct clinical manifestations, including erythema infectiosum (fifth disease), aplastic crisis, stillbirth and probably some forms of arthritis. The detection of human Parvovirus B19 DNA is based upon the real-time PCR amplification and detection of specific Parvovirus B19 genomic sequences from total DNA extracted from the specimen. The quantitative range of this assay is 100 - 100,000,000 copies/mL.

This test is not approved for New York patient testing.

See individual assay for description.

Panel Includes:

• Anti-Neuronal Nuclear (Hu/Ri) Antibodies (ANNA), IFA (Serum) with Reflex To Titer and Western Blot
• Purkinje Cell Cytoplasmic (Yo) Antibodies (PCCA), IFA (Serum) with Reflex To Titer and Western Blot

 Neuropathy-associated Antibody Testing

Parvovirus, recently renamed Erythrovirus, is associated with several distinct clinical manifestations, e.g., erythema infectiosum (fifth disease), aplastic crisis, fetal infection and probably forms of arthritis. There is high risk of fetal infection in antibody negative pregnant women. The best method for the diagnosis of parvovirus infection is detecting specific antibodies. IgM antibodies are detected in 80-90% of cases soon after onset of illness, and remain detectable for 2-3 months. IgG antibodies are detected shortly following the IgM response and usually last indefinitely and thus indicate exposure and immunity.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

See individual assay for description.

Panel Includes:

• Anti-Neuronal Nuclear (Hu/Ri) Antibodies (ANNA), IFA (CSF) with Reflex To Titer and Western Blot
• Purkinje Cell Cytoplasmic (Yo) Antibodies (PCCA), IFA (CSF) with Reflex To Titer with Wester Blot

 Neuropathy-associated Antibody Testing

See individual assay for description.

Panel Includes:

• Parvovirus Antibodies (IgG, IgM)
• Parvovirus B19 DNA, QL RT-PCR

A positive IgG ELISA index alone indicates past infection and probable immunity to parvovirus, whereas a positive IgM result indicates infection within the past 2-3 months. Parvovirus infection is associated with several distinct clinical manifestations, e.g., erythema infectiosum (fifth disease), aplastic crisis, fetal infection and probably forms of arthritis.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

This unit code has been inactivated.

Please see unit code 4130.

This unit code has been inactivated.

Please see unit code 41381.

Specimens collected just before or within 15 minutes of the next dose represent the TROUGH levels. Specimens obtained within 15-30 minutes after the end of I.V. infusion or 45-60 minutes after an IM injection or 90 minutes after oral intake represent the PEAK level.

This test is available for New York patient testing.

This unit code has been inactivated.

Please see unit code 41380.

This unit code has been inactivated.

Please see unit code 41383.

• Epidermal (Skin) Antibody, IFA

This unit code has been inactivated.

Please see unit code 40896.

• Bordetella pertussis IgG and IgA Antibodies, MAID
• Bordetella pertussis IgG Antibodies, MAID
• Bordetella pertussis/parapertussis DNA, Qualitative Real-Time PCR

A decreased phagocytic index is indicative of impaired phagocytic function, which is associated with repeated bacterial infections.

This test is available for New York patient testing.

The presence of phosphatidylserine antibodies (PSA) is associated with the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), characterized by thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, and recurrent fetal loss. Published reports indicate that detection of PSA is more sensitive and specific than detection of cardiolipin antibodies for identification of APS patients.

Test performed at Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute.

Please see the following technical sheet for more information:
 Phosphatidylserine Antibody, by EIA

The presence of phosphatidylserine antibodies (PSA) is associated with the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), characterized by thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, and recurrent fetal loss. Published reports indicate that detection of PSA is more sensitive and specific than detection of cardiolipin antibodies for identification of APS patients.

Test performed at Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute.

Please see the following technical sheet for more information:
 Phosphatidylserine Antibody, by EIA

The patient history of anal itching, irritability and insomnia may suggest a pinworm infection. Diagnosis is normally accomplished by sampling the perianal and perineal skin with cellulose (Scotch) tape, which is applied sticky side down to the skin. The tape is transferred to a glass slide and examined under the microscope for the presence of eggs or adult worms. Since the female worms migrate on a sporadic basis, a series of four to six consecutive tapes may be necessary to demonstrate the infection. The tapes are used late in the evening, when the patient has been sleeping for several hours, or first thing in the morning before the patient takes a shower or goes to the bathroom.

This test is available for New York patient testing.

• Platelet Antibody Expanded Panel, FC
• Platelet Antibody Panel
• Platelet Circulating Antibody, FC

Specimens collected just before or within 15 minutes of the next dose represent the TROUGH levels. Specimens obtained within 15-30 minutes after the end of I.V. infusion or 45-60 minutes after an IM injection or 90 minutes after oral intake represent the PEAK level.

This test is available for New York patient testing.

• Platelet Circulating Antibody, FC

See individual assay for description.

Panel includes:

• Platelet Associated IgG, IgM and IgA Antibody, FC
• Platelet Circulating IgG, IgM and IgA Antibody, FC

See individual assay for description.

Panel includes:

• Platelet Associated IgG Antibody (PAIgG), FC
• Platelet Associated IgM Antibody (PAIgM), FC
• Platelet Circulating Antibody, FC

This assay detects immunoglobulins bound to the platelet membrane in vivo. The presence of elevated platelet associated immunoglobulin is commonly found in idiopathic (autoimmune) thrombocytopenia purpura. Elevated PAIgG is also present in thrombocytopenia associated with SLE, carcinoma, AIDS, lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. There is a direct correlation between elevated PAIgG and immune-mediated platelet destruction in patients with classical immune thrombocytopenia.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

Elevated levels of platelet-associated antibodies may occur in autoimmune thrombocytopenia, as well as thrombocytopenia-associated with carcinoma, AIDS, and connective tissue diseases. Platelet-associated antibodies may consist of a single isotype (IgG, IgM or IgA) or any combination of isotypes.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

Elevated levels of platelet-associated antibodies may occur in autoimmune thrombocytopenia, as well as thrombocytopenia-associated with carcinoma, AIDS, and connective tissue diseases. Platelet-associated antibodies may consist of a single isotype (IgG, IgM or IgA) or any combination of isotypes.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

Elevated PAlgM which may occur in autoimmune thrombocytopenia, Evans syndrome and connective tissue disease, has been associated with immune-mediated platelet destruction. PAIgM may appear in conjunction with PAIgG or in other instances where PAIgG levels are normal. PAIgM has been observed in both acute and chronic immune thrombocytopenia and may also be associated with complement-mediated platelet destruction.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

This assay measures the presence of platelet antibody present in the circulation. Platelet antibodies have been demonstrated in neonatal thrombocytopenia due to fetal-maternal incompatibility, post-transplantation purpura syndrome and in autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. Circulating platelet antibodies detected by flow cytometry may recognize platelet-specific glycoproteins or HLA class I antigens (or both).

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

Circulating antibodies to platelets, detected by flow cytometry, are found in the sera of patients with immune-mediated disorders. Platelet antibodies have been associated with ITP and drug-induced thrombocytopenia. Circulating platelet antibodies detected by flow cytometry may recognize platelet-specific glycoproteins or HLA class I antigens (or both).

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

PM-Scl antibody is detected in over 90% of patients with polymyositis and scleroderma (Scl) overlap syndrome, but only in about 8% of all myositis patients and only 3% of all scleroderma patients.

This test is not approved for New York patient testing.

• Streptococcus pneumoniae IgG, Pre- and Post-Vaccination (12 Serotypes)
• Streptococcus pneumoniae IgG, Pre- and Post-Vaccination (14 Serotypes)
• Streptococcus pneumoniae IgG, Pre- and Post-Vaccination (6 Serotypes)
• Streptococcus pneumoniae IgG, Pre- and Post-Vaccination (7 Serotypes)

• Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Streptococcus pneumoniae, MIC Panel
• Streptococcus pneumoniae IgG, Pre- and Post-Vaccination (12 Serotypes)
• Streptococcus pneumoniae IgG, Pre- and Post-Vaccination (14 Serotypes)
• Streptococcus pneumoniae IgG, Pre- and Post-Vaccination (6 Serotypes)
• Streptococcus pneumoniae IgG, Pre- and Post-Vaccination (7 Serotypes)

Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly classified as P. carinii f. sp. hominis) is a non-culturable opportunistic fungal pathogen associated with lower respiratory tract infections. Pneumocystis is the most common opportunistic infection in AIDS patients, and patients with compromised immunity, including cancer patients and transplant recipients, are also at risk for infection.

Real-time PCR assays provide enhanced sensitivity over more traditional DFA or microscopic methods for detecting Pneumocystis.

This test is not approved for New York patient testing.

Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly classified as P. carinii f. sp. hominis) is a non-culturable opportunistic fungal pathogen associated with lower respiratory tract infections. Pneumocystis is the most common opportunistic infection in AIDS patients, and patients with compromised immunity, including cancer patients and transplant recipients, are also at risk for infection.

Real-time PCR assays provide enhanced sensitivity over more traditional DFA or microscopic methods for detecting Pneumocystis.

This test is not approved for New York patient testing.

• Enterovirus Culture, Rapid

• Enterovirus RNA, Qualitative Real-Time PCR

Although there is crossreactivity among the enteroviruses, most healthy adults do not have detectable CF titers. Therefore, detectable titers, especially those >=1:32, should be considered in this context. Serodiagnosis is made by demonstration of four-fold change in titers between acute and convalescent sera.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly P. carinii) is recognized as an opportunistic pathogen in patients with HIV infection and a wide variety of iatrogenic diseases. Smears are stained with a fluorescent monoclonal antibody that will detect the presence of P. jirovecii cysts and trophozoites in respiratory specimens. Sensitivity of the test is dependent upon specimen type and proper sample collection. BALs and induced sputums have sensitivities as high as 90-95%.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

Detection of intrathecally-produced organism-specific antibodies in CSF indicates central nervous system infection. However, serum levels of organism-specific antibodies, blood-brain barrier integrity, and possible CSF contamination by blood should be considered when assessing CSF results.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

This sensitive procedure is recommended for vaccine response testing and type-specific serodiagnosis of recent Poliovirus infection. It can also serve as an aid for diagnosing immune deficiency disorders. Antibody titers to the three serotypes of poliovirus are determined.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.

 Vaccine Response Testing

• BK Virus DNA Qualitative Real-Time PCR
• BK Virus DNA, Quantitative Real-Time PCR
• JC Polyoma Virus DNA, Qualitative Real-Time PCR
• JC Polyoma Virus DNA, Quantitative Real-Time PCR
• JC Virus DNA Qualitative Reflex to JC Virus DNA Quantitative

• Haemophilus influenzae IgG Parallel Testing, ELISA

• Burkholderia pseudomallei Antibody Panel, IFA

Proteinase 3 (PR-3) antibody is a marker for Wegener's granulomatosis and is rarely detected in microscopic polyarteritis. The quantity of PR-3 antibody generally parallels disease activity, where an increase in disease activity is accompanied by increasing values of PR-3 antibody. Antibody to PR-3, an elastinolytic neutral serine protease, is responsible for the cytoplasmic pattern of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies.

This test is approved for New York patient testing.